Austria country studies




Austria country studies Acknowledgments Preface History The Alpine-Danubian Region Before the Habsburg Dynasty The Early Medieval Era The Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Austria Rise of the Habsburg Empire Territorial Expansion, Division, and Consolidation The Protestant Reformation in the Habsburg Lands The Turkish Threat The Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 The Peace of Westphalia The Baroque Era The Turkish Wars and the Siege of Vienna The Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48 The the Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph Ii The the Strategic Impact of the Reform Era The the Habsburg Empire and the French Revolution The the Congress of Vienna The Austria in the Age of Metternich The Domestic Policies The the Revolution of 1848 and Neoabsolutism The the Failure of Neoabsolutism The Loss of Leadership in Germany The Austria-Hungary to the Early 1900S The Final Defeat in Germany and Reconciliation with Prussia The the Eastern Question The Internal Developments in Austria The the Final Years of the Empire and World War I The World War I The the End of the Habsburg Empire and the Birth of the Austrian Republic The First Republic The Foundation of the First Republic Political Life of the 1920S and Early 1930S The End of Constitutional Rule Growing German Pressure on Austria The Anschluss and World War Ii Nazi Economic and Social Policies Repression and Compliance World War Ii and the Defeat of Nazi Germany Restored Independence Under Allied Occupation Four-Power Occupation and Recognition of the Provisional Government The 1945 Election and Consolidation of the Austrian Government Consolidation of Democracy Austria's Integration with the West The 1955 State Treaty and Austrian Neutrality Grand Coalition and the Austrian People's Party Coda, 1955-70 Elections and Parties Domestic Tranquillity Under the Grand Coalition The Kreisky Years, 1970-83 Domestic Issues Foreign Policy End of the Kreisky Era The Society and Its Environment Geography Landform Regions Human Geography Climate Ecological Concerns Austrian National Identity Demography Demographic Development Immigration Emigration Social Minorities Official Minority Groups Other Minorities Jews Foreign Workers Attitudes Toward Minorities Social Structure Family Life Family Developments After the 1960S Status of Women Religion Education Social Security Employment, Unemployment, and Pension Benefits Health and Health Insurance Family Benefits Housing The Economy Economic Growth and Government Policy Developments During the 1970S and 1980S The New Policies The Magic Pentagon The Subsidy Policy Foreign Workers in Austria Principal Economic Interest Groups Social Partnership Structure of the Economy The Agricultural Sector The Structure of Agriculture The Industrial Sector Energy The Services Sector Tourism Money and Banking Government and Politics Constitutional Framework Government Institutions The Federal President Chancellor and Cabinet Nationalrat Bundesrat Bundesversammlung Judicial System The Constitutional Court The Administrative Court Ordinary Courts Special Courts Civil Service Provincial Government Local Government Electoral System Political Dynamics The Social Democratic Party of Austria The Austrian People's Party The Freedom Party of Austria The Green Parties Political Developments Since 1983 Election of Kurt Waldheim as President The National Election of 1986 and the Grand Coalition of 1987-90 The Parliamentary Election of 1990 Events of 1991-93 Mass Media Foreign Relations Bibliography

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