Afghanistan country study

• Preface
• History
  • The Pre-Islamic Period
  • Achaemenid Rule, Ca. 550-331 B.C.
  • Alexander and Greek Rule, 330-Ca. 150 B.C.
    
  • Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, Ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D.
  • Islamic Conquest
    Ghaznavid and Ghorid Rule
    Mongol Rule, 1220-1506
    Mughal-Safavid Rivalry, Ca. 1500-1747
    Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire
    The Great Game- the Rise of Dost Mohammad
    The First Anglo-Afghan War
    The Second Anglo-Afghan War
    Abdur Rahman Khan, "the Iron Amir," 1880-1901
    Modernization and Development of Institutions
    The Reign of King Habibullah, 1901-1919
    The Reign of King Amanullah, 1919-29
    Reform, Popular Reaction, and Forced Abdication
    Tajik Rule, January-October 1929
    Muhammad Nadir Shah, 1929-33
    Mohammad Zahir Shah, 1933-73
    The Pashtunistan Issue
    Early Links with the Soviet Union
    Experiment with Liberalized Politics
    Daoud as Prime Minister, 1953-63
    The King Reigns: The Last Decade of the Monarchy, 1963-73
    Daoud's Republic, July 1973- April 1978
    Communism, Rebellion, and Soviet Intervention
    
• The Society and Its Environment
  • Geography
    • Mountains
      Rivers
      Regions
      Climate
      Population
      
  • Social Structure
    • Ethnic Groups
      
      Tajik
      Hazara
      Uzbek
      Turkmen
      Aimaq
      Arab
      Kirghiz
      Wakhi, Farsiwan
      Nuristani
      Baluch
      Brahui
      Qizilbash
      Kabuli
      Jat
      Non-Muslims
      Tribes
      
      Modes of Subsistence
      
      • Mixed Subsistence Patterns
      Family
      
      • Gender Roles
        Religion
        
        • Early Development of Islam Sunni and Shia Islam
          Sufism
          Tenets of Islam
          Islamic Expression in Afghanistan
          Sunnis of the Hanafi School
          Ithna Ashariya (Twelver or Imami) Shia
          Ismailis
          Sufis
          Meaning and Practice
          Politicized Islam
          
        Education
        
        • Literacy
          Administrative Structure
          Enrollment
          Curriculum
          Teacher Training
          Higher Education
          Adult Literacy
          
        Health
        Refugees and Repatriation
        Warfare and Civic Culture
        Government and Politics
        The Attempt to Modernize: 1953-73
        The Decision to Accept Soviet Economic and Military Assistance
        The Constitutional Period, 1964-73
        Disenchantment with the Reforms
        The Shafiq Government: A Last Attempt at Reform
        Daud's Republic: 1973-78
        Usurpation, Invasion and War: 1978-92
        Soviet Control and Marxist Government, 1980-89
        Government Organization
        The Search for Popular Support
        Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities
        Factionalism
        Najibullah's Leadership, 1986-92
        The Soviet Decision to Withdraw, 1986-88
        The Geneva Accords, 1987-89
        The Failure to Bring Peace
        Pakistan's Attempt at a Political Solution, 1987-88
        Stalemate: The Civil War, 1989-92
        The Afghan Resistance
        The Role of Islam
        The Path to Victory and Chaos: 1979-92
        The Islamist Factor
        The Mujahidin Parties
        Emergence of Modern Islamic Thought
        The Islamic Youth Movement
        Pakistan's Support of Afghan Islamists, 1975-79
        Khalis and the Moderate Parties
        Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
        Disinterest in Unity
        The Controversy over Weapons Distribution
        The Ghilzai Factor
        Expatriate Misperceptions
        Pakistan's Policies and Misperceptions
        Internecine Violence
        The Council of Commanders, 1990-92
        Neighboring Governments: Involvements and Interference
        Saudi Arabia
        Iran
        Mujahidin Victory: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
        The Fall of Kabul, April 1992
        The United Nations Plan for Political Accommodation
        The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Since 1992
        The Peshawar Accord, April 25, 1992
        The Struggle for Kabul
        Mujahidin Attempts to Govern, 1992-95
        The Islamabad and Jalalabad Accords, March-April 1993
        1995: A Changed Situation
        Afghanistan's Prospects in 1997